Science: concepts across the years
- Scientific Practices, Measurement & Data
How science actually works — asking testable questions, controlling variables, measuring, and reading data.
- Cells & Cellular Organization
Life's basic unit — from 'cells exist' to the machinery of membranes, organelles and transport.
- The Chemistry of Life
The molecules life is built from — water, the macromolecules, and the enzymes that run the reactions.
- Genetics & Heredity
How traits are stored, copied and passed on — from Punnett squares to DNA replication and protein synthesis.
- Evolution & Biodiversity
How life changes over time — natural selection, the evidence for it, and how new species arise.
- Human Body Systems
How organ systems divide the work and cooperate to keep the body in balance.
- Energy in Living Things
Photosynthesis and respiration — how life captures, stores and spends energy. The biology face of Energy.
- Ecosystems & Energy Flow
Organisms in their environment — food webs, energy pyramids, populations, and what keeps a system stable.
- Matter & Its States
What everything is made of — properties, the particle model, states, phase changes and the gas laws.
- Atomic Structure & the Periodic Table
Inside the atom — subatomic particles, electron configuration, the periodic table and nuclear change.
- Chemical Bonding
Why atoms stick together — ionic, covalent and metallic bonds, molecular shape, and forces between molecules.
- Chemical Reactions
Matter rearranging — recognizing reactions, conserving mass, balancing equations, and reaction types.
- The Mole & Stoichiometry
Counting atoms by weighing — the mole, molar mass, and predicting how much reacts and how much forms.
- Solutions, Acids & Bases
Dissolving, concentration, and the chemistry of acids and bases — pH and neutralization.
- Thermochemistry, Kinetics & Equilibrium
The energy, speed and balance of reactions — heat released or absorbed, how fast, and how far.
- Energy & Its Transformations
The single idea that runs through all of science — forms of energy, how it transforms, and why it's conserved.
- Forces & Motion
How and why things move — describing motion, then Newton's laws that explain what changes it.
- Waves, Sound & Light
Energy that travels as a wave — properties, sound, and the electromagnetic spectrum including light.
- Electricity & Magnetism
Charge, current and fields — from simple circuits to the deep link between electricity and magnetism.
- Earth's Atmosphere, Weather & Climate
Earth's spheres and the air around us — the water cycle, what drives weather, and how climate differs.
- Plate Tectonics & Earth's Structure
Earth's restless surface — its layered interior, moving plates, and the earthquakes and volcanoes they cause.
- Rocks, Minerals & the Rock Cycle
What Earth is made of — minerals, the three rock types, and the cycle that turns one into another.
- Astronomy & the Solar System
Earth in space — moon phases, seasons, the solar system, and the gravity that governs orbits and tides.
- Geologic Time & Earth's History
Reading Earth's past in the rock record — geologic time, fossils, and relative dating.
- Cycles of Matter
How the same atoms move endlessly through living and nonliving Earth — water, carbon and the biogeochemical cycles.
- Natural Resources & Energy
What we take from Earth — renewable vs nonrenewable energy, water, land, minerals and soil.
- Human Impact & Sustainability
Our footprint on the planet — pollution, climate change, biodiversity loss, and the path to sustainability.